ABSTRACT The motion of a body can be expressed relative to the present configuration of the body, known as the relative motion description, besides the classical Lagrangian and the Eulerian descriptions. When the time increment from the present state is small enough, the nonlinear constitutive equations can be linearized relative to the present state so that the resulting system of boundary value problems becomes linear. This formulation is based on the well-known “small-on-large” idea, and can be implemented for solving problems with large deformation in successive incremental manner. In fact, the proposed method is a process of repeated applications of the well-known “small deformation superposed on finite deformation” in the literature. This article presents these ideas applied to thermoelastic materials with a brief comment on the exploitation of entropy principle in general. Some applications of such a formulation in numerical simulations are briefly reviewed and a numerical result is shown.

O estabelecimento de leguminosas herbáceas perenes nos sistemas de produção constitui ainda um desafio, principalmente por apresentarem crescimento inicial lento. Para viabilizar sua implantação, este trabalho objetivou determinar as taxas de cobertura do solo, produção de matéria seca, teores e acumulação de N, P e K das leguminosas herbáceas perenes galáxia (Galactia striata) e cudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides), considerando espaçamentos e densidades de plantio. O experimento, instalado em dezembro/98 na Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica (RJ), constou do delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram das espécies galáxia e cudzu tropical, plantadas em dois espaçamentos entre sulcos de plantio (25 e 50 cm) e quatro densidades de plantas (5, 10, 15 e 20 plantas m-1). A densidade adequada para a rápida cobertura do solo para cudzu tropical e galáxia foi de 10 plantas m-1, no espaçamento de 25 cm entre os sulcos de plantio. A maior produção de matéria seca e acumulação de N, P e K na parte aérea das plantas foram evidenciadas apenas no primeiro corte, sendo os maiores valores obtidos no espaçamento de 25 cm e na densidade de 10 plantas m-1. O espaçamento de 25 cm com 10 plantas m-1 foi a combinação mais adequada para a plena formação da cobertura viva do solo com cudzu tropical e galáxia.

The establishment of herbaceous perennial leguminous in production systems is still a challenge, mainly because of the slow initial growth. Evaluations of the soil cover ratio, dry matter production, contents and accumulations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium of the herbaceous perennial Galactia striata and Pueraria phaseoloides, sown in different densities and row spacing, aimed at making their establishments feasible. The experiment was conducted in December/98 at Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica (RJ), in a completely randomized block design, as a factorial arrangement 2 x 2 x 4, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the plant species Galactia striata and Pueraria phaseoloides, planted in two spacings (25 and 50 cm apart) and four sowing densities (5, 10, 15 and 20 plants m-1). The most adequate density for a fast soil cover was 10 plants m-1 for Pueraria phaseoloides and Galactia striata, in a 25 cm spacing between planting rows. The highest dry matter production and accumulation of N, P and K in the aerial part of the plant were found in the first cut, in a spacing of 25 cm and row density of 10 plants m-1. The 25 cm spacing with 10 plants m-1 was identified as the most adequate combination for the formation of a full soil cover with Pueraria phaseoloides and Galactia striata.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease- are chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. Decreased oral intake, malabsorption, accelerated nutrient losses, increased requirements, and drug-nutrient interactions cause nutritional and functional deficiencies that require proper correction by nutritional therapy. The goals of the different forms of nutritional therapy are to correct nutritional disturbances and to modulate inflammatory response, thus influencing disease activity. Nutritional intervention may improve outcome in certain individuals; however, because of the costs and complications of such therapy, careful selection is warranted. Total parenteral nutrition has been used to correct and prevent nutritional disturbances and to promote bowel rest during active disease, mainly in cases of digestive fistulae with a high output. Its use should be reserved for patients who cannot tolerate enteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is effective in inducing clinical remission of disease in adults and promoting growth in children. Recent research has focused on the use of specific nutrients as primary treatment agents. Although some reports have indicated that glutamine, short-chain fatty acids, antioxidants and immunonutrition with omega-3 fatty acids are an important therapeutic alternative in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases, the beneficial reported effects have yet to be translated into the clinical practice. The real efficacy of these nutrients still need further evaluation through prospective and randomized trials.

Las enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino -colitis ulcerosa y enfermedad de Crohn- son enfermedades crónicas de causa desconocida. La disminución de la ingesta, la malabsorción, la pérdida acelerada de nutrientes, el aumento de los requerimientos y las interacciones entre medicamentos y nutrientes determinan carencias nutricionales y funcionales que obligan a una corrección mediante terapia nutricional. Los objetivos de los distintos tipos de terapia nutricional comprenden la corrección de las alteraciones nutricionales y la modulación de la respuesta inflamatoria para modificar la actividad mórbida. La alimentación puede mejorar algunos aspectos pero, debido al coste y a las complicaciones de este tratamiento, exige una cuidadosa selección. Se ha empleado la nutrición parenteral total para corregir y prevenir las alteraciones nutricionales y fomentar el reposo del intestino durante la actividad, sobre todo en los casos de fístulas digestivas con un elevado drenaje. Su uso debe reservarse a los pacientes que no toleren la nutrición enteral. La nutrición enteral induce una remisión clínica eficaz entre los adultos y promueve el crecimiento infantil. La investigación reciente se ha centrado en el uso de nutrientes específicos como medios esenciales de tratamiento. Si bien en algunos informes se ha señalado que la glutamina, los ácidos grasos de cadena corta, los antioxidantes y la inmunonutrición con ácidos grasos omega-3 suponen una alternativa terapéutica importante para el tratamiento de las enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino, los efectos beneficiosos descritos todavía no se han reflejado en la práctica clínica. La eficacia real de estos nutrientes obliga a una evaluación más cuidadosa a través de ensayos prospectivos y aleatorizados.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na área do Campo Experimental da Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica (RJ), com o objetivo de avaliar a morfologia e a distribuição de raízes de algumas leguminosas herbáceas perenes; os efeitos da cobertura viva no teor de carbono orgânico, e a agregação de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, medida pela estabilidade dos agregados em água. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três diferentes espécies de leguminosas herbáceas perenes e um tratamento-controle sem cobertura viva (capinado). As leguminosas utilizadas foram amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), cudzu tropical(Pueraria phaseoloides) e siratro (Macroptilium Atropurpureum). Para a estabilidade de agregados, as profundidades de amostragem foram 0-5 e 5-10 cm, enquanto, para a morfologia e distribuição radicular, as avaliações consistiram das profundidades 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm. As coberturas com as leguminosas amendoim forrageiro e cudzu tropical propiciaram os maiores valores percentuais na classe de agregados > 2,00 mm, em média 38 % superiores aos obtidos na área capinada. Os valores do diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) dos agregados no solo com cobertura de leguminosas foram superiores aos da área capinada para ambas as camadas, o que demonstra o efeito favorável das coberturas vivas na estabilização dos agregados do solo. A cobertura viva de amendoim forrageiro proporcionou incremento no teor de carbono orgânico no solo. Quanto aos atributos morfológicos das raízes, verificou-se que o amendoim forrageiro apresentou raio radicular intermediário entre as demais espécies e área e massa radicular maiores, o que auxiliou na interpretação do efeito positivo da cobertura viva com essa espécie na agregação do solo.

Tropical soils under continuous cultivation undergo fast degradation, leading to crop production decline, mainly due to erosion and reduction of soil organic matter levels. Soil protection with live mulching is one of the alternatives to alleviate these effects and to control soil degradation. This study was conducted to evaluate the root distribution and morphology of three perennial herbaceous leguminous species, as well as its effects on soil aggregation and organic carbon content when used as live mulching. The experiment was carried out on a Typic Haplustult soil in the experimental area of EMBRAPA Agrobiologia, Seropédica, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. Treatments consisted of soil-covering with three herbaceous leguminous species (Arachis pintoi, Pueraria phaseoloides and Macroptilium atropurpureum) and a control treatment without live mulching, kept weed-free. Soil was sampled at depths of 0-5 and 5-10 cm for aggregate stability analysis and at depths of 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 and 20-40 cm for root distribution and morphology. A higher percentage of aggregates in the > 2.0 mm class was observed under A. pintoi and P. phaseoloides covers, 38 % above the control treatment mean. The values of mean weigth diameter aggregates of soil for leguminous treatments were also higher than in the weeded area for both depths, demonstrating the favorable effect of live mulch on soil aggregate stability. An increase in the organic soil carbon level was observed for the treatment with A. pintoi. Root morphology analysis showed that A. pintoi presented an intermediate root radius and higher root mass and area compared to other species, which may explain its positive effect on soil aggregation.

Sementes de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) com alto teor de P, obtidas de plantas que receberam adubação foliar, foram utilizadas em um experimento em casa de vegetação para avaliar os efeitos do teor de P na semente, no crescimento e na nodulação do feijoeiro no estádio vegetativo. O experimento tinha arranjo fatorial 2x2x3x3 em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições: dois cultivares (Carioca e Rio Tibagi), dois teores de P na semente (baixo e alto, correspondentes a 4,3 e 5,6mgg-1, em Carioca, e 4,8 e 6,3mgg-1, em Rio Tibagi), três doses de P aplicado ao solo (0, 30 e 60mgkg-1, respectivamente, P0, P30 e P60) e três épocas de coleta (20, 30 e 40dias após emergência - DAE). O alto teor de P na semente aumentou a matéria seca das plantas de feijoeiro em P0 nas três coletas, e em P30, aos 40DAE. Plantas originadas de sementes com alto teor de P mostraram menor dependência do suprimento de P no solo, quanto à produção de matéria seca, do que aquelas oriundas de sementes com baixo P. O alto teor de P na semente aumentou o número de nódulos em Carioca em P0, aos 20 e 30DAE, e aumentou a massa de nódulos em P30, aos 20DAE nos dois cultivares e, aos 40DAE, em P30 em Carioca e em P60 em Rio Tibagi. A acumulação de N na parte aérea aos 20DAE foi superior nas plantas originadas de sementes com alto teor de P. Segundo os resultados, sementes com alto teor de P obtido via adubação foliar podem aumentar o crescimento, a nodulação e a acumulação de N do feijoeiro em estádios iniciais de crescimento, particularmente sob baixas doses de P aplicado ao solo.

Seeds of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with high P concentration, obtained from plants which had received foliar fertilization, were used in a greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effects of seed P concentration on growth and nodulation of common bean during the vegetative stage.The experiment had a 2x2x 3x3 factorial randomized block design with four replicates: two cultivars (Carioca and Rio Tibagi), two seed P concentrations (low and high, corresponding to 4.3 and 5.6mgg-1 for Carioca, and 4.8 and 6.3mgg-1 for Rio Tibagi), three levels of P applied to the soil (0, 30 and 60mgkg-1, respectively, P0, P30 and P60) and three times of harvesting (20, 30 and 40days after emergence - DAE).The high seed P concentration increased the dry matter of bean plants at P0 at the three harvests, and at P30 at 40DAE.Plants originating from high P seeds showed a lower dependence of soil P supply, in regard to dry matter production, than those originating from low P seeds.The high seed P concentration increased the number of nodules in Carioca at P0 by 20 and 30DAE, and increased nodule mass at P30 by 20DAE in both cultivars, and by 40DAE at P30 in Carioca and at P60 in Rio Tibagi.The accumulation of N by shoots at 20DAE was greater in plants originating from high P seeds.The results demonstrate that seeds with high P concentration obtained by foliar fertilization can enhance growth, nodulation and N accumulation of bean plants at early growth stages, particularly at low P levels applied to the soil.